Simpson's paradox, amyloid paradox, and racial differences

Authors

• Chengjie Xiong, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
• Jingqin Luo, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
• Ruijin Lu, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
• Sarah Hartz, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
• Walter Kukull, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
• Suzanne E Schindler, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
• Joyce E Balls-Berry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
• Jason Hassenstab, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
• Krista L Moulder, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
• Emily Gremminger, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
• Folasade Agboola, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
• Elizabeth A Grant, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
• Russ Hornbeck, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
• Parinaz Massoumzadeh, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
• Sarah Keefe, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
• Donna Dierker, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
• Shaney Flores, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
• David M Holtzman, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
• Tammie Benzinger, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
• John C Morris, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
• et al.

Journal

JAMA Network Open

Publication Date

10-1-2026

Volume

9

Issue

10

First Page

e2640868

Document Type

Open Access Publication

DOI

10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.40868

Rights and Permissions

Xiong C, Luo J, Lu R, et al. Simpson’s Paradox, Amyloid Paradox, and Racial Differences. JAMA Netw Open. 2026;9(10):e2640868. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.40868. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC-ND License, which does not permit alteration or commercial use, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies. © 2026 Xiong C et al. JAMA Network Open.

Recommended Citation

Xiong, Chengjie; Luo, Jingqin; Lu, Ruijin; Hartz, Sarah; Kukull, Walter; Schindler, Suzanne E; Balls-Berry, Joyce E; Hassenstab, Jason; Moulder, Krista L; Gremminger, Emily; Agboola, Folasade; Grant, Elizabeth A; Hornbeck, Russ; Massoumzadeh, Parinaz; Keefe, Sarah; Dierker, Donna; Flores, Shaney; Holtzman, David M; Benzinger, Tammie; Morris, John C; and et al., "Simpson's paradox, amyloid paradox, and racial differences." JAMA Network Open. 9, 10. e2640868 (2026).
https://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/oa_4/7766

Department

ICTS (Institute of Clinical and Translational Sciences)

Additional Links

Supplemental material is available for this article at publisher site.